See sole proprietorship.
See sole proprietorship.
The amount by which actual costs exceed the standard costs or budgeted costs. Also, the amount by which actual revenues are less than the budgeted revenues.
An original record containing the details to substantiate a transaction entered in an accounting system. For example, the source document for a purchase of merchandise is the supplier’s invoice supported by the...
Gains result from the sale of an asset (other than inventory). A gain is measured by the proceeds from the sale minus the amount shown on the company’s books. Since the gain is outside of the main activity of a...
A term used in accounting that refers to employees’ time off with pay for vacations, holidays, and sick days. Companies that are obligated to pay for these days off are required by the matching principle to record...
To assign or allocate on a logical basis. For example, the materials price variance in a standard costing system is prorated to the following categories: materials inventory, work-in-process inventory, finished goods...
Usually a plastic card that is used in place of writing a check. The amount of the transaction is immediately deducted from the user’s checking account.
An employee that must be paid overtime pay when the employee’s weekly hours exceed 40 hours. Some states may have additional requirements. Nonexempt employees include both hourly-paid and salary-paid who are not...
The second section of the statement of cash flows. To learn more, see Explanation of Cash Flow Statement.
The situation where the number of units sold is not influenced by a change in selling price. In other words, a price increase does not have a corresponding decrease in the number of units sold.
A factory or manufacturing overhead rate used to allocate, apply, assign, or spread indirect product costs to items manufactured. Under traditional cost accounting, the burden rate might be a percentage of direct labor...
This current liability account reports the amount a company must remit to a court or other agencies for amounts withheld from its employees’ salaries and wages.
Using debt (such as loans and bonds) to acquire more assets than would be possible by using only owners’ funds. Also referred to as trading on equity.
To assign costs to a product, department, customer, etc. on an arbitrary basis. For example, the heating cost might be allocated to the five departments located in the area that is heated. The allocation is often based...
A word that means to add column totals across to see if the sum will equal the grand total. In the table below each of the columns A through Total was “footed” (added or summed) in order to get each...
Under the accrual method of accounting, the account Salaries Expense reports the salaries that employees have earned during the period indicated in the heading of the income statement, whether or not the company has yet...
An individual owner of a business that is not incorporated.
The amounts withheld for employees’ checks for Social Security tax, Medicare tax, federal income tax, state income tax, and voluntary deductions such as United Way, union dues, 401(k) contributions,...
A major repair such as an engine overhaul, which will extend the useful life of the asset. The amount should be recorded in the asset account and then depreciated over the remaining life of the asset.
Goods placed with another party without transferring ownership. See consigned goods.
A dividend in the form of more shares of stock. A 5% stock dividend means that a stockholder holding 100 shares would receive 5 additional shares of stock. Since all shareholders receive additional shares, each...
Verifiable, objective (not subjective), and you can depend on it.
A ratio consisting of an income statement account balance divided by the average balance of a balance sheet account. For example, the inventory turnover is computed as follows: Cost of Goods Sold divided by the average...
An employee’s pretax compensation that is based on annual or monthly amounts rather than an hourly rate. Management employees are usually paid salaries. To learn more, see Explanation of Payroll Accounting.
In the equation of a straight line, y = a + bx, ‘bx’ is the total variable cost resulting from the variable cost rate ‘b’ multiplied times the quantity ‘x’.
Things that are resources owned by a company and which have future economic value that can be measured and can be expressed in dollars. Examples include cash, investments, accounts receivable, inventory, supplies, land,...
Also known as the acid test ratio. This ratio compares the amount of cash + marketable securities + accounts receivable to the amount of current liabilities. To learn more, see Explanation of Financial Ratios.
The gross amount of purchases minus the amount of purchase returns, purchase allowances, and purchase discounts.
A form of business entity having partners. (Consult with an attorney about this form of entity versus alternatives.)
A symbol that represents 1000.
A budget that does not flex for changes in volume or activity.
The bottom line of the income statement when revenues and gains are less than the aggregate amount of cost of goods sold, operating expenses, losses, and income taxes (if the company is a regular corporation).
Assets other than cash, accounts receivables, and notes receivables. Holders of nonmonetary assets could avoid holding losses during periods of inflation.
See Accounting Research Bulletin.
The combination of a manufacturer’s direct labor and factory overhead.
In business decision-making, payback means the number of years before the cash invested in a project is returned. It involves the cash flows from the project but generally the cash flows are not discounted to reflect the...
A bearer bond is a bond that is not registered in its owner’s name. The person holding the bond is presumed to be the owner of the bond. The interest on a bearer bond is received by clipping one of the dated...
Another company that supplies goods or performs services. Also known as a vendor.
This account shows the amount of delivery expense incurred (occurring) during the accounting period shown in the heading of the income statement. The title of this account could also be Freight Out or Transportation...
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