Hello everyone, new member here! I'm currently taking a financial accounting course in college and have encountered a rather confusing concept in my textbook about time value of money. After reading, here's what I have grasped (please correct me if my concepts are wrong).

Future Value of 1: When I want to find out how much money I will have in the future if a present amount and interest rate is given to me.
Example: If I have $1,000 in my savings account and the bank gives me 10%, then how much money would I have accumulated total in 5 years, assuming compounded interest? (Solution: $1,000 * 1.61051 [from Future Value of 1 Table])

Future Value of Annuity: When I want to find out how much money I will have in the future if a present amount and interest is given to me, BUT I periodically invest in the same amount of money at the END of the period.
Example: If I invest $1,000 into my savings account annually for 5 years and the bank gives me 10%, how much money would I have accumulated after 5 years, assuming compounded interest? (Solution: $1,000 * 6.10510 [from Future Value of Annuity Table])

Present Value of 1: When I want to find out how much money I have to invest in order to receive a certain amount of receipt in the future.
Example: If the bank promises me $1,000 in my savings account 5 years from now with a compounded interest of 10%, how much money would I need to put into my savings account NOW? (Solution: $1,000 * .62092 [from Present Value of 1 Table])

Present Value of Annuity: When I want to find out how much money I have to invest in now in order to receive a series of a certain amount of repayments.
Example: Doug promises to give me $100 at the end of every year for 5 years if I lend him _____ at a discount rate of 10%. (Solution: $100 * 3.79079 [from Present Value of Annuity]) <------ This one confuses me the most, hope someone can give me more similar examples...

Now that I have stated the definition and examples of each (hoping that I'm correct), I will go on with my questions below. I will use this example from my book:
Assume that Acropolis Company on january 1, 2010 issues $100,000 of 9% bonds, due in five years, with interest paypable annually at yearend. What is the present value of the principal amount and the PV of total interest amount, assuming the market rate of interest is 9%.

Question 1.) Is market rate the same as discount rate?
Question 2.) The answer the book gives me is $64,993 and uses the value of .64993 from the Present Value of 1 Table. Does this mean that I have to invest in $64,993 NOW in order to receive $100,000 in 5 years, and NOT that I have to invest in $100,000 NOW in order to receive $145,000 in the future (Principal: $100,000 + Accumulated Interest: $45,000)?
Question 3.) For calculating the PV of the interest, book uses 3.88965 from the Present Value of Annuity Table. My question is, did the book use PV of Annuity table because interest was paid ANNUALLY (in series)? If it was paid once at the time the bond is due, then I would use PV of 1 to calculate interest instead right?

I hope you guys can help me understand Time Value of Money better as this concept really threw me out of gear. Thanks again and happy accounting!